Primary Sources

Primary Sources Database

Scribe's Records (史記) 110 - Zhang Shoujie’s Commentaries (Chinese)

Commentary on Sima Qian's work focusing on the early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Scribe's Records (史記) 110 - Sima Zhen’s Commentaries (Chinese)

Commentary on Sima Qian's work focusing on the early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Scribe's Records (史記) 110 - Pei Yin's Commentaries (English)

Commentary on Sima Qian's work focusing on the early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Scribe's Records (史記) 110 (English)

Early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Scribe's Records (史記) 110 (Chinese)

Early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Scribe's Records (史記) 110 - Pei Yin's Commentaries (Chinese)

Commentary on Sima Qian's work focusing on the early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

The Book of Han (漢書) 94 (Chinese)

Early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

The Book of Han (漢書) 94 (English)

Early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

The Book of the Later Han (後漢書) 89 (Chinese)

Late history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Getica XLI - LXX (English)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

Getica XLI - LXX (Latin)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

Getica XXI - XL (English)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

Getica XXI - XL (Latin)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

Getica I - XX (English)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

Getica I - XX (Latin)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

The Book of Wei (魏書) 113 (Chinese)

Name changes of the tribes and clans loyal to the Tabğaç (Tuoba) state of Northern Wei

The Book of Wei (魏書) 103 (English)

History of the Tatars, Yu-wen, and the Tägäräk

The Book of Wei (魏書) 102 (English)

History of the Western Regions during the Hunnish Era

The Book of Wei (魏書) 102 (Chinese)

History of the Western Regions during the Hunnish Era

The Book of Wei (魏書) 32 (English)

Wei envoy's journey to the Yedivar (Hephthalites)

The Book of Wei (魏書) 32 (Chinese)

Wei envoy's journey to the Yedivar (Hephthalites)

The Book of Wei (魏書) 103 (Chinese)

History of the Tatars, Yu-wen, and the Tägäräk

The Book of Wei (魏書) 113 (English)

Name changes of the tribes and clans loyal to the Tabğaç (Tuoba) state of Northern Wei

The Book of Sui (隋書) 84 (English)

Description of the tribes under the Tägäräk

The Book of Sui (隋書) 84 (Chinese)

Description of the tribes under the Tägäräk

The Book of Zhou (周書) 50 (English)

Origin of the Kök Türük

The Book of Zhou (周書) 50 (Chinese)

Origin of the Kök Türük

The Book of Jin (晉書) 97 (English)

Xuŋa (Xiongnu) during the Jin Dynasty

The Book of Jin (晉書) 97 (Chinese)

Xuŋa (Xiongnu) during the Jin Dynasty

Pre-Islamic Oğuzname (Old Turkic)

Commentary on Sima Qian's work focusing on the early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Commentary on Sima Qian's work focusing on the early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Commentary on Sima Qian's work focusing on the early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Commentary on Sima Qian's work focusing on the early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Early history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

Late history of the Xuŋa (Xiongnu)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

History of the Xunı (Huns)

Name changes of the tribes and clans loyal to the Tabğaç (Tuoba) state of Northern Wei

History of the Tatars, Yu-wen, and the Tägäräk

History of the Western Regions during the Hunnish Era

History of the Western Regions during the Hunnish Era

Wei envoy's journey to the Yedivar (Hephthalites)

Wei envoy's journey to the Yedivar (Hephthalites)

History of the Tatars, Yu-wen, and the Tägäräk

Name changes of the tribes and clans loyal to the Tabğaç (Tuoba) state of Northern Wei

Description of the tribes under the Tägäräk

Description of the tribes under the Tägäräk

Origin of the Kök Türük

Origin of the Kök Türük

Xuŋa (Xiongnu) during the Jin Dynasty

Xuŋa (Xiongnu) during the Jin Dynasty

The legend of Oğuz Qağan